9^th International Conference on Environment and Climate Change November 18-19, 2019 Johannesburg, South Africa

Healthy ecosystems require a vast assortment of plant and animal life, from soil microbes to top-level predators like bears and wolves. “The variability among living organisms from different sources including terrestrial, marine, aquatic ecosystems etc. The ecological includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. If any of the species is removed from this environment, it can harm the ecosystem.

In the last century, the average global temperature has increased by 0.80°C (1.44°F), rain pattern has changed, natural disaster event has increased, melting of polar caps and rise in sea level. Many changes have been reported, the reaction of species to changing situations is likely to be decided generally by population reactions at edges. Over the past years, a few models have been created to view the effect of climate change on biodiversity. Results from these models have recommended a few disturbing results of climate change on biodiversity, predicting the future results. There is enough proof that climate change influences biodiversity.

Climate change impacts on marine biological systems include different stressors, transcendently temperature, hypoxia and COâ‚‚, all of which may combine with further coastal anthropogenic stressors such as pollutants. All life forms react to these drivers, taking after possibly common standards, which are insufficiently understood. Climate change can influence coastal zones in an assortment of ways. Coasts are delicate to ocean level rise, changes in the frequency and intensity of storms, increases in precipitation, and warmer sea temperatures. In addition, rising atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) are causing the seas to absorb more of the gas and ended up more acidic. This rising sharpness can have significant impacts on coastal and marine biological systems. Larger coastal populations and expanding advancement have driven to expanded loading of harmful substances, supplements and pathogens with consequent algal blossoms, hypoxia, shoreline closures, and damage to coastal fisheries. Later climate change has driven to the rise in ocean level with misfortune of coastal wetlands and saltwater interruption into coastal aquifers.

Human-initiated climate change threatens coastal and marine environments through rising in sea-level, evaporation, and changes in climate patterns and water temperatures. The Plastic pollution is one of the major threats to the Ocean and marine activities such as oil platforms and aquaculture. Oceans and climate are indivisibly associated and playing a fundamental part in directing climate change by serving as a major heat and carbon sink. Our oceans are particularly defenseless to the adverse impacts from human emanations of greenhouse gasses. Since the growth of Industrial Transformation, mankind has expanded the acidity of our oceans by 30% and has expanded the sum of carbon dioxide in our climate by over 30%-40%, essentially from the burning of fossil fuels. Other human activities have brought about extra major commitments of greenhouse gasses, such as methane and nitrous oxides. Polar vortex defines climate change

The coral reef is like plants, but in fact, the Corals are animals, they made of tiny animals called polyps. The most diverse ecosystems on earth cover less than 1 % of the ocean floor, home of 25% of all marine creatures and estimated that 2 million species inhabit coral reefs competing the bio-diversity of the rainforest. It provides a rich habitat protecting young fish when they grow.

The largest Coral Reefs: Australia’s Great Barrier Reef which began growing 20 thousand years ago.

The threat to the coral reefs is the pollution from factors which resulting Coral bleaching which transforms them into the white skeleton.

Warming water results in prolonged coral bleaching that kills coral reefs leave them vulnerable to other threats without significant action on climate change our ocean could lose many colorful reefs by the end of the century. Many Organization taking steps and working upon to protect and conserve it, some of the organization like UN Environment, IYOR, Coral Guardian and many more.

The carbon cycle is the circulation and change of carbon back and forth between living things and the environment. Carbon is a component, something that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. The sum of carbon on the earth and in Earth's atmosphere is fixed, but that fixed amount of carbon is dynamic, continuously changing into different carbon compounds and moving between living and non-living things. The term carbon footprint is characterized as the amount of carbon (often in tonnes) is being radiated by an organization, event, product or individual directly or indirectly. Everyone’s carbon impression is different depending on their area, habits and personal choice. People concerned with the environment and global warming usually try to reduce their carbon output by increasing their home's energy efficiency and driving less.

Renewable energy is the energy that is gathered from Renewable resources, which is renewed by nature without any human interference. such as wind, sunlight, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Several countries have adopted alternative plans to obtain their power from renewable energy according to the availability of Renewable resources. These countries are not only accelerating Renewable Energy installations but are also integrating Renewable Energy into their existing infrastructure. This action to rely on Renewable Energy will minimize the harm caused to Environment and Climate.

Climate change mitigation is actions to limit the magnitude and the rate of climate change with respect to time. It generally involves reductions in anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Mitigation may also be achieved by increasing the capacity of carbon sinks, Reforestation the simplest example.

Examples of mitigation include switching to low-carbon energy sources, such as renewable and nuclear energy, and expanding forests and other "sinks" to remove greater amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Global warming is the average rise in average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and Its oceans relative to century-scale of the Earth's climate system and its related effects. A change which is permanently changing the earth in a 2008 NASA article on usage, Erik M. Conway defined global warming - "the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to rising levels of greenhouse gases", while climate change was "a long-term change in the Earth's climate, or of a region on Earth”. The “scale” effect refers to the impact on greenhouse gas emissions from the increased yield or economic activity resulting in the freer trade. The common assumption is that trade opening will increment economic activity and thus energy use. Everything else being rise to, this increment in the scale of financial activity and energy use will lead to higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions.

it is expected that climate change will be the reason towards the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems. The rising of temperature could cause the extinction of bee population.

All populations will be influenced by climate change, but a few are more vulnerable than others. Individuals living in small island developing states and other coastal districts, megacities, and mountainous and polar regions are especially vulnerable. Over the final 50 years, human activities – especially the burning of fossil fuels have released adequate amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses to trap additional heat in the lower atmosphere and influence the  worldwide climate change. In spite of the fact that global warming may bring a few localized benefits, such as fewer winter deaths in mild climates and increased food production in certain regions, the overall health impacts of a changing climate are likely to be overwhelmingly negative. Climate change impacts social and common determinants of wellbeing – clean air, safe drinking water, satisfactory nourishment and secure shield. Locale with frail prosperity system – for the most part in developing nations – will be the least able to oversee without help to get prepared and respond.

Climate change raises critical social, natural and legitimate challenges. The health administration system applying to climate change is complex and multi-level. Worldwide climate change presents one of the most troublesome issues the worldwide community has ever stood up to. Since the emergence of climate change as a new and progressively important component in energy approach, more consideration has been given to the need to receive coordinates approaches to energy policy making, with climate change and energy security showing up as vital drivers for future energy policy. The most critical characteristic of climate change as a policy issue is instability. From climatology to financial matters, instabilities are unavoidable, huge and troublesome to resolve. In any case, the modern financial hypothesis of natural approach under instability gives a clear guide to the plan of a suitable arrangement. A productive and viable approach would be a hybrid that consolidates the leading highlights of tradable grants and emissions charges.

Global warming is as of now having critical and costly effects on our communities, our health, and our climate. These impacts will proceed to heighten, develop ever more costly and harming, and progressively influence the whole planet. The signs of climate change include higher temperatures, modified precipitation patterns, and more frequent or seriously extreme events such as heat waves, drought, and storms. Climate change over the past ∼30 years has produced numerous shifts in the distributions and abundances of species and has been implicated in one species-level extinction. The global scale adjusting Earth’s biophysical and natural frameworks at the planetary scale – as is as well of climate change shifts on an exceptionally essential level from the various other familiar natural concerns that refer to restricted toxicological or microbiological threats. Without a doubt, climate change implies that, these days, we are demonstrated by stratospheric ozone utilization, accelerating biodiversity losses, stresses on terrestrial and marine food-producing frameworks, consumption of freshwater supplies, and the worldwide spread of persistent organic pollutants.

Our climate is changing because of distinctive variables affecting earth at large. The need of measuring stations in numerous remote regions and particularly over the endless sea zones implies that satellites are the only way to assemble information on ‘Essential Climate Variables’ – ECVs. By utilizing Earth observation strategies from space, we can screen global natural change not possible with other procedures. Climate research, monitoring, prediction, and related administrations depend on exact perceptions of the climate, land, and sea, adequately tested universally and over adequately long time periods. Satellite estimations have given coordinate observational proves that later increases in greenhouse gas concentrations have created the anticipated changes to the active energy transmitted by the Earth. However, while they play a basic part in assessing and improving the models used to make future climate projections required by policymakers they are not however of sufficient exactness to absolutely set up the pace and scale of the climate response to changes caused by human activity.

The enormity of global warming can be overwhelming and crippling. Climate change is one of the most critical dangers confronting the world nowadays. Avoiding the most noticeably awful results of climate change will require huge cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions. Managing with climate change will require high-level political administration and deal-making of a sort that is troublesome to accomplish through formal arrangements with the 194 parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change by dedicated climate ambassadors alone. In order to viably address worldwide warming, we must essentially decrease the sum of heat-trapping emanations we are putting into the atmosphere. A commonly cited objective is to stabilize  GHG concentrations around 450-550 parts per million (ppm), or around twice pre-industrial levels. This is the point at which many accept the most harming climate change effects can be avoided.